Table of Contents

PAG(dorso-lateral, ventro-lateral, and lateral PAG)

see also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray

Image and Location

Anatomical illustration from Linnman et al.(2012)

Functional Activation map from Linnman et al.(2012) and Buhle et al.(2012): for pdfs, see below

Connectivity

Neurosynth connectivity image:

PAG connections based on DTI from Linnman et al.(2012)

from Benarroch(2012)

Subregions of PAG

Animal(Rats) literatures (Resstel et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2009)

Schematic illustration of functional sub-areas from Linnman et al.(2012)

PAG ROI

?300

pag_roi.mat.zip

Searches

Searches so far:

Most important references

review papers: Linnman, Moulton, Barmettler, Becerra, & Borsook (2012) Neuroimaging of the periaqueductal gray: State of the field, Neuroimage, 60, 505-522 linnman-2012-neuroimaging_of_the.pdf
Buhle et al.(in press) Common representation of pain and negative emotion in the midbrain periaqueductal gray, SCAN soc_cogn_affect_neurosci-2012-buhle-scan_nss038_1_.pdf
Benarroch, E. E. (2012). Periaqueductal gray: an interface for behavioral control. Neurology, 78(3), 210-7. neurology-2012-benarroch-210-7.pdf
Kong, J., Tu, P.-chi, Zyloney, C., & Su, T.-ping. (2010). Intrinsic functional connectivity of the periaqueductal gray, a resting fMRI study. Behavioural brain research, 211(2), 215-9. 1-s2.0-s0166432810002287-main.pdf

pagenl.zip

Structure

Inputs

Table from Benarroch (2012)

Outputs

Table from Benarroch (2012)

Figure from Linnman et al.(2012)

Functions

Summary list

Functional activation of the PAG (from Linnman et al., 2012)
* Pain

  1. lower back pain
  2. neuropathic pain
  3. complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)

* pain modulation

  1. habituation
  2. attention/distraction
  3. placebo
  4. acupuncture

* Emotions

  1. pain anticipation
  2. observing pain
  3. fear
  4. social rejection
  5. some positive emotions
  6. anxiety in the clinical population (OCD, PTSD)

* Homeostatic and physiological processes

  1. cardiovascular regulation
  2. respiratory function
  3. micturition
  4. bowel function


Table from from Benarroch(2012)

Pain and pain modulation

Effects of stimulation

Effects of lesions/inactivation

Effects of microinjection

Optogenetics

Other

Function Area 2

Effects of stimulation

Effects of lesions/inactivation

Effects of microinjection

Optogenetics

Other

Studies activating

Coordinates

Coordinates (x, y, z):

From Linnman et al.(2012)

“225 coordinates labeled as the PAG in the manuscripts were identified: 100 were on the left, 100 on the right and 25 at the midline. The average (± SD) MNI coordinates reported as the PAG were x = −4 (left) or 4 (right) (±3 mm), y=−29 (±5), z=−12 (±7). The reported coordinates ranged 34 mm in the left-right (x) direction, 35 mm in the anterior–posterior (y) direction, and 46 mm in the dorsal-caudal (z) direction. The peak activation likelihood estimate fell at MNI x = 1, y = − 29, z = − 12.” (p.508)

Specific study coordinates

Study Description x y z
Linnman et al. 2012 Peak activation likelihood estimate 1 -29 -12
Buhle et al. 2012 Overlap of Pain and Negative Image Viewing -6 -30 -15
Napadow et al. 2008 Neural correlate of HRV -2 -27 -3

dlPAG/vlPAG coordinates

by utilizing a landmake(i.e., around the cerebral aqueduct) and Bandler's diagram.

dlPAG : x: 3/-2, y: -36.5, z: -12 vlPAG : x: 4/-2, y: -32, z: -14

List of Studies

Specific, key studies

pagenl.zip

* Benarroch, E. E. (2012). Periaqueductal gray: an interface for behavioral control. Neurology, 78(3), 210-7. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823fcdee * Borelli, K. G., & Brandao, M. L. (2008). Effects of ovine CRF injections into the dorsomedial, dorsolateral and lateral columns of the periaqueductal gray: a functional role for the dorsomedial column. Hormones and behavior, 53(1), 40-50. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.08.013 * Brandão, M. L., Zanoveli, J. M., Ruiz-Martinez, R. C., Oliveira, L. C., & Landeira-Fernandez, J. (2008). Different patterns of freezing behavior organized in the periaqueductal gray of rats: association with different types of anxiety. Behavioural brain research, 188(1), 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.10.018 * Brutus, M., Shaikh, M. B., & Siegel, a. (1985). Differential control of hypothalamically elicited flight behavior by the midbrain periaqueductal gray in the cat. Behavioural brain research, 17(3), 235-44. * Buhle, J. T., Kober, H., Ochsner, K. N., Mende-Siedlecki, P., Weber, J., Hughes, B. L., Kross, E., et al. (2012). Common representation of pain and negative emotion in the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience. doi:10.1093/scan/nss038 * Chaitoff, K. a, Patel, D., & Ally, A. (2008). Effects of endothelial NOS antagonism within the periaqueductal gray on cardiovascular responses and neurotransmission during mechanical, heat, and cold nociception. Brain research, 1236, 93-104. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.004 * Fanselow, M., DeCola, J., De Oca, B., & Landeira-Fernandez, J. (1995). Ventral and Dorsolateral regions of the midbrain PAG control different stages of defensive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 21, 63-77. Aggressive Behavior. * Graeff, F. G. (2004). Serotonin, the periaqueductal gray and panic. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 28(3), 239-59. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.12.004 * Horiuchi, J., McDowall, L. M., & Dampney, R. a L. (2009). Vasomotor and respiratory responses evoked from the dorsolateral periaqueductal grey are mediated by the dorsomedial hypothalamus. The Journal of physiology, 587(Pt 21), 5149-62. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179739 * Lim, L. W., Blokland, A., Tan, S., Vlamings, R., Sesia, T., Aziz-Mohammadi, M., Visser-Vandewalle, V., et al. (2010). Attenuation of fear-like response by escitalopram treatment after electrical stimulation of the midbrain dorsolateral periaqueductal gray. Experimental neurology, 226(2), 293-300. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.035 * Lim, L. W., Blokland, A., Visser-Vandewalle, V., Vlamings, R., Sesia, T., Steinbusch, H., Schruers, K., et al. (2008). High-frequency stimulation of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray and ventromedial hypothalamus fails to inhibit panic-like behaviour. Behavioural brain research, 193(2), 197-203. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.05.020 * Lima, V. C. F., Molchanov, M. L., Aguiar, D. C., Campos, A. C., & Guimarães, F. S. (2008). Modulation of defensive responses and anxiety-like behaviors by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors located in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 32(1), 178-85. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.006 * Linnman, C., Moulton, E. a, Barmettler, G., Becerra, L., & Borsook, D. (2012). Neuroimaging of the periaqueductal gray: State of the field. NeuroImage, 60(1), 505-22. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.095 * Markgraf, C. G., Winters, R. W., Liskowsky, D. R., McCabe, P. M., Green, E. J., & Schneiderman, N. (1991). Hypothalamic, midbrain and bulbar areas involved in the defense reaction in rabbits. Physiology & behavior, 49(3), 493-500. Retrieved from * Mendes-Gomes, J., Amaral, V. C. S., & Nunes-de-Souza, R. L. (2011). Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray lesion attenuates nociception but does not change anxiety-like indices or fear-induced antinociception in mice. Behavioural brain research, 219(2), 248-53. Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.012 * Napadow, V., Dhond, R., Conti, G., Makris, N., Brown, E. N., & Barbieri, R. (2008). Brain correlates of autonomic modulation: combining heart rate variability with fMRI. NeuroImage, 42(1), 169-77. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.238 * Pereira, E. a C., Lu, G., Wang, S., Schweder, P. M., Hyam, J. a, Stein, J. F., Paterson, D. J., et al. (2010). Ventral periaqueductal grey stimulation alters heart rate variability in humans with chronic pain. Experimental neurology, 223(2), 574-81. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.02.004 * Resstel, L. B. M., Lisboa, S. F., Aguiar, D. C., Corrêa, F. M. a, & Guimarães, F. S. (2008). Activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray reduces the expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats. Psychopharmacology, 198(3), 405-11. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1156-1 * Sita, L. V., Elias, C. F., & Bittencourt, J. C. (2007). Connectivity pattern suggests that incerto-hypothalamic area belongs to the medial hypothalamic system. Neuroscience, 148(4), 949-69. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.010 * Spolidório, P. C. M., Echeverry, M. B., Iyomasa, M., Guimarães, F. S., & Del Bel, E. a. (2007). Anxiolytic effects induced by inhibition of the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in the rat dorsal hippocampus. Psychopharmacology, 195(2), 183-92. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0890-0 * Subramanian, H. H., Balnave, R. J., & Holstege, G. (2008). The midbrain periaqueductal gray control of respiration. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(47), 12274-83. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4168-08.2008 * Suzuki, H., Watanabe, S., Hamaguchi, T., Mine, H., Terui, T., Kanazawa, M., Oohisa, N., et al. (2009). Brain activation associated with changes in heart rate, heart rate variability, and plasma catecholamines during rectal distention. Psychosomatic medicine, 71(6), 619-26. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31819b69ca * Vianna, D. M., Landeira-Fernandez, J., & Brandão, M. L. (2001). Dorsolateral and ventral regions of the periaqueductal gray matter are involved in distinct types of fear. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 25(7-8), 711-9. Retrieved from * Waters, a J., & Lumb, B. M. (1997). Inhibitory effects evoked from both the lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal grey are selective for the nociceptive responses of rat dorsal horn neurones. Brain research, 752(1-2), 239-49. Retrieved from * Wilson, a, & Kapp, B. S. (1994). Effect of lesions of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray on the Pavlovian conditioned heart rate response in the rabbit. Behavioral and neural biology, 62(1), 73-6. * Xing, J., Li, D.-P., & Li, J. (2008). Role of GABA receptors in nitric oxide inhibition of dorsolateral periaqueductal gray neurons. Neuropharmacology, 54(4), 734-44. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.12.008 * Zhao, Z., Yang, Y., Walker, D. L., & Davis, M. (2009). Effects of substance P in the amygdala, ventromedial hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray on fear-potentiated startle. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(2), 331-40. doi:10.1038/npp.2008.55 * de Menezes, R. C. a, Zaretsky, D. V., Fontes, M. a P., & DiMicco, J. a. (2009). Cardiovascular and thermal responses evoked from the periaqueductal grey require neuronal activity in the hypothalamus. The Journal of physiology, 587(Pt 6), 1201-15. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.161463

Study list: Coordinate based

Neurosynth results for coordinate(s)

Title; Author; Journal; Year; PMD

A Common Prefrontal-Parietal Network for Mnemonic and Mathematical Recoding Strategies within Working Memory Bor D; Owen AM Cerebral Cortex 2007 16707737 A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of working memory abnormalities in schizophrenia Johnson MR; Morris NA; Astur RS; Calhoun VD; Mathalon DH; Kiehl KA; Pearlson GD Biological Psychiatry 2006 16503328 A left amygdala mediated network for rapid orienting to masked fearful faces Carlson JM; Reinke KS; Habib R Neuropsychologia 2009 19428403 A meta-analysis of instructed fear studies: implications for conscious appraisal of threat Mechias ML; Etkin A; Kalisch R NeuroImage 2010 19786103 A meta-analytic study of changes in brain activation in depression Fitzgerald PB; Laird AR; Maller J; Daskalakis ZJ Human Brain Mapping 2008 17598168 A neural system for evaluating the behavioural relevance of salient events outside the current focus of attention Gruber O; Diekhof EK; Kirchenbauer L; Goschke T Brain Research 2010 20599810 A role for the brainstem in central sensitisation in humans. Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging Zambreanu L; Wise RG; Brooks JC; Iannetti GD; Tracey I Pain 2005 15777865 A supramodal limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network supports goal-directed stimulus processing Laurens KR; Kiehl KA; Liddle PF Human Brain Mapping 2005 15593271 A voxel-based morphometry study of grey matter loss in MS patients with different clinical phenotypes Ceccarelli A; Rocca MA; Pagani E; Colombo B; Martinelli V; Comi G; Filippi M NeuroImage 2008 18501636 Abnormal activity patterns in premotor cortex during sequence learning in autistic patients Muller RA; Cauich C; Rubio MA; Mizuno A; Courchesne E Biological Psychiatry 2004 15336514 Abnormal temporal difference reward-learning signals in major depression Kumar P; Waiter G; Ahearn T; Milders M; Reid I; Steele JD Brain 2008 18579575 Activation in striatum and medial temporal lobe during sequence learning in younger and older adults: relations to performance Rieckmann A; Fischer H; Backman L NeuroImage 2010 20079855 Activation of olfactory and trigeminal cortical areas following stimulation of the nasal mucosa with low concentrations of S(-)-nicotine vapor-An fMRI study on chemosensory perception Albrecht J; Kopietz R; Linn J; Sakar V; Anzinger A; Schreder T; Pollatos O; Bruckmann H; Kobal G; Wiesmann M Human Brain Mapping 2009 18381635 Activity in the hippocampus and neocortical working memory regions predicts successful associative memory for temporally discontiguous events Hales JB; Brewer JB Neuropsychologia 2010 20667491 Activity in the Medial Temporal Lobe Predicts Memory Strength, Whereas Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Recollection Kirwan CB; Wixted JT; Squire LR Journal of Neuroscience 2008 18923030 Acupuncture modulates resting state connectivity in default and sensorimotor brain networks Dhond RP; Yeh C; Park K; Kettner N; Napadow V Pain 2008 18337009 Acupuncture modulates spontaneous activities in the anticorrelated resting brain networks Bai L; Qin W; Tian J; Dong M; Pan X; Chen P; Dai J; Yang W; Liu Y Brain Research 2009 19427842 Adult age differences in functional connectivity during executive control Madden DJ; Costello MC; Dennis NA; Davis SW; Shepler AM; Spaniol J; Bucur B; Cabeza R NeuroImage 2010 20434565 Age- and gender-related changes in the normal human brain using hybrid diffusion imaging (HYDI) Wu YC; Field AS; Whalen PJ; Alexander AL NeuroImage 2011 20932911 Ageing and early-stage Parkinson's disease affect separable neural mechanisms of mesolimbic reward processing Schott BH; Niehaus L; Wittmann BC; Schutze H; Seidenbecher CI; Heinze HJ; Duzel E Brain 2007 17626038 Amygdala activation and facial expressions: explicit emotion discrimination versus implicit emotion processing Habel U; Windischberger C; Derntl B; Robinson S; Kryspin-Exner I; Gur RC; Moser E Neuropsychologia 2007 17408704 Amygdala and nucleus accumbens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents Ernst M; Nelson EE; Jazbec S; McClure EB; Monk CS; Leibenluft E; Blair J; Pine DS NeuroImage 2005 15850746 Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression Coccaro EF; McCloskey MS; Fitzgerald DA; Phan KL Biological Psychiatry 2007 17210136 Amygdala function and 5-HTT gene variants in adolescent anxiety and major depressive disorder Lau JY; Goldman D; Buzas B; Fromm SJ; Guyer AE; Hodgkinson C; Monk CS; Nelson EE; Shen PH; Pine DS; Ernst M Biological Psychiatry 2009 18950748 An fMRI study of causal judgments Satpute AB; Fenker DB; Waldmann MR; Tabibnia G; Holyoak KJ; Lieberman MD European Journal of Neuroscience 2005 16176366 An fMRI study of the neural correlates of graded visual perception Christensen MS; Ramsoy TZ; Lund TE; Madsen KH; Rowe JB NeuroImage 2006 16626975 Anticipating instrumentally obtained and passively-received rewards: a factorial fMRI investigation Bjork JM; Hommer DW Behavioural Brain Research 2007 17140674 Anticipation of novelty recruits reward system and hippocampus while promoting recollection Wittmann BC; Bunzeck N; Dolan RJ; Duzel E NeuroImage 2007 17764976 Anticipatory brainstem activity predicts neural processing of pain in humans Fairhurst M; Wiech K; Dunckley P; Tracey I Pain 2007 17070996 Attention and emotion: does rating emotion alter neural responses to amusing and sad films? Hutcherson CA; Goldin PR; Ochsner KN; Gabrieli JD; Barrett LF; Gross JJ NeuroImage 2005 15946863 Attentional modulation of emotional stimulus processing: An fMRI study using emotional expectancy Bermpohl F; Pascual-Leone A; Amedi A; Merabet LB; Fregni F; Gaab N; Alsop D; Schlaug G; Northoff G Human Brain Mapping 2006 16317710 Auditory orienting and inhibition of return in mild traumatic brain injury: A FMRI study Mayer AR; Mannell MV; Ling J; Elgie R; Gasparovic C; Phillips JP; Doezema D; Yeo RA Human Brain Mapping 2009 19554558 Auditory temporal expectations modulate activity in visual cortex Bueti D; Macaluso E NeuroImage 2010 20298791 Being liked activates primary reward and midline self-related brain regions Davey CG; Allen NB; Harrison BJ; Dwyer DB; Yucel M Human Brain Mapping 2010 19823984 BET differences among simultaneous evoked frequency band responses during early-stage visual processing distinguish schizophrenia from healthy subjects Gonzalez-Hernandez JA; Pita-Alcorta C; Castaneda H; Trujillo-Barreto N; Scherbaum WA Neuroscience Letters 2009 19026720 Beyond patient reported pain: perfusion magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates reproducible cerebral representation of ongoing post-surgical pain Howard MA; Krause K; Khawaja N; Massat N; Zelaya F; Schumann G; Huggins JP; Vennart W; Williams SC; Renton TF PLoS ONE 2011 21373203 Bilateral brain regions associated with naming in older adults Obler LK; Rykhlevskaia E; Schnyer D; Clark-Cotton MR; Spiro A 3rd; Hyun J; Kim DS; Goral M; Albert ML Brain and Language 2010 20399492 BOLD correlates of trial-by-trial reaction time variability in gray and white matter: a multi-study fMRI analysis Yarkoni T; Barch DM; Gray JR; Conturo TE; Braver TS PLoS ONE 2009 19165335 Brain Activation during Anticipation of Sound Sequences Leaver AM; Van Lare J; Zielinski B; Halpern AR; Rauschecker JP Journal of Neuroscience 2009 19244522 Brain Activation during Input from Mechanoinsensitive versus Polymodal C-Nociceptors Ruehle BS; Handwerker HO; Lennerz JK; Ringler R; Forster C Journal of Neuroscience 2006 16707801 Brain activity related to temporal summation of C-fiber evoked pain Staud R; Craggs JG; Robinson ME; Perlstein WM; Price DD Pain 2007 17156923 Brain dynamics for perception of tactile allodynia (touch-induced pain) in postherpetic neuralgia Geha PY; Baliki MN; Wang X; Harden RN; Paice JA; Apkarian AV Pain 2008 18384958 Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat, part II: Prefrontal-subcortical pathways and relationship with anxiety Wager TD; van Ast VA; Hughes BL; Davidson ML; Lindquist MA; Ochsner KN NeuroImage 2009 19465135 Brain Networks Subserving the Extraction of Sentence Information and Its Encoding to Memory Hasson U; Nusbaum HC; Small SL Cerebral Cortex 2007 17372276 Brain responses to facial expressions of pain: emotional or motor mirroring? Budell L; Jackson P; Rainville P NeuroImage 2010 20510372 Brain responses to violet, blue, and green monochromatic light exposures in humans: prominent role of blue light and the brainstem Vandewalle G; Schmidt C; Albouy G; Sterpenich V; Darsaud A; Rauchs G; Berken PY; Balteau E; Degueldre C; Luxen A; Maquet P; Dijk DJ PLoS ONE 2007 18043754 Brain-behavior correlation in children depends on the neurocognitive network Booth JR; Burman DD; Meyer JR; Trommer BL; Davenport ND; Parrish TB; Gitelman DR; Mesulam MM Human Brain Mapping 2004 15340932 Category-specific effects in semantic memory: category-task interactions suggested by fMRI Grossman M; Koenig P; Kounios J; McMillan C; Work M; Moore P NeuroImage 2006 16413792 Cerebral and Cerebrospinal Processes Underlying Counterirritation Analgesia Piche M; Arsenault M; Rainville P Journal of Neuroscience 2009 19906971 Changes in cerebral glucose utilization in patients with panic disorder treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy Sakai Y; Kumano H; Nishikawa M; Sakano Y; Kaiya H; Imabayashi E; Ohnishi T; Matsuda H; Yasuda A; Sato A; Diksic M; Kuboki T NeuroImage 2006 16889985 Characterizing the neural mechanisms of skill learning and repetition priming: Evidence from mirror reading Brain 2001 11133788 Cocaine dependence and attention switching within and between verbal and visuospatial working memory Kubler A; Murphy K; Garavan H European Journal of Neuroscience 2005 15869491 Common and unique components of inhibition and working memory: an fMRI, within-subjects investigation McNab F; Leroux G; Strand F; Thorell L; Bergman S; Klingberg T Neuropsychologia 2008 18573510 Common neural systems for contact heat and laser pain stimulation reveal higher-level pain processing Helmchen C; Mohr C; Roehl M; Bingel U; Lorenz J; Buchel C Human Brain Mapping 2008 17924552 Compassionate attitude towards others' suffering activates the mesolimbic neural system Kim JW; Kim SE; Kim JJ; Jeong B; Park CH; Son AR; Song JE; Ki SW Neuropsychologia 2009 19428038 Compensatory cortical activation observed by fMRI during a cognitive task at the earliest stage of multiple sclerosis Audoin B; Ibarrola D; Ranjeva JP; Confort-Gouny S; Malikova I; Ali-Cherif A; Pelletier J; Cozzone P Human Brain Mapping 2003 14505331 Compensatory mechanisms underlie intact task-switching performance in schizophrenia Jamadar S; Michie P; Karayanidis F Neuropsychologia 2010 20036266 COMT Val(108/158)Met polymorphism effects on emotional brain function and negativity bias Williams LM; Gatt JM; Grieve SM; Dobson-Stone C; Paul RH; Gordon E; Schofield PR NeuroImage 2010 20139013 Cortical and subcortical contributions to saccade latency in the human brain Neggers SF; Raemaekers MA; Lampmann EE; Postma A; Ramsey NF European Journal of Neuroscience 2005 15926933 Cortical metabolic changes in the cerebellar variant of multiple system atrophy: a voxel-based FDG-PET study in 41 patients Lee PH; An YS; Yong SW; Yoon SN NeuroImage 2008 18203624 Cortical processing of visceral and somatic stimulation: differentiating pain intensity from unpleasantness Dunckley P; Wise RG; Aziz Q; Painter D; Brooks J; Tracey I; Chang L Neuroscience 2005 15896917 Detection of unexpected events during spatial navigation in humans: bottom-up attentional system and neural mechanisms Iaria G; Fox CJ; Chen JK; Petrides M; Barton JJ European Journal of Neuroscience 2008 18279364 Developmental Differences in Posterior Mesofrontal Cortex Recruitment by Risky Rewards Bjork JM; Smith AR; Danube CL; Hommer DW Journal of Neuroscience 2007 17475792 Differences in feedback- and inhibition-related neural activity in adult ADHD Dibbets P; Evers L; Hurks P; Marchetta N; Jolles J Brain and Cognition 2009 19201515 Different areas of human non-primary auditory cortex are activated by sounds with spatial and nonspatial properties Hart HC; Palmer AR; Hall DA Human Brain Mapping 2004 14755837 Differential cerebral activation during observation of expressive gestures and motor acts Lotze M; Heymans U; Birbaumer N; Veit R; Erb M; Flor H; Halsband U Neuropsychologia 2006 16730755 Differential contributions of the anterior temporal and medial temporal lobe to the retrieval of memory for person identity information Tsukiura T; Suzuki C; Shigemune Y; Mochizuki-Kawai H Human Brain Mapping 2008 17948885 Differential temporo-parietal cortical networks that support relational and item-based recency judgments Kimura HM; Hirose S; Kunimatsu A; Chikazoe J; Jimura K; Watanabe T; Abe O; Ohtomo K; Miyashita Y; Konishi S NeuroImage 2010 19909817 Dissociable processes of cognitive control during error and non-error conflicts: a study of the stop signal task Hendrick OM; Ide JS; Luo X; Li CS PLoS ONE 2010 20949134 Dissociating brain regions controlling the temporal and ordinal structure of learned movement sequences Bengtsson SL; Ehrsson HH; Forssberg H; Ullen F European Journal of Neuroscience 2004 15128413 Distinct Neural Circuits Support Transient and Sustained Processes in Prospective Memory and Working Memory Reynolds JR; West R; Braver T Cerebral Cortex 2009 18854581 Does caffeine modulate verbal working memory processes? An fMRI study Koppelstaetter F; Poeppel TD; Siedentopf CM; Ischebeck A; Verius M; Haala I; Mottaghy FM; Rhomberg P; Golaszewski S; Gotwald T; Lorenz IH; Kolbitsch C; Felber S; Krause BJ NeuroImage 2008 17936643 Dynamic EEG-informed fMRI modeling of the pain matrix using 20-ms root mean square segments Brinkmeyer J; Mobascher A; Warbrick T; Musso F; Wittsack HJ; Saleh A; Schnitzler A; Winterer G Human Brain Mapping 2010 20162596 Dynamics of Prefrontal and Cingulate Activity during a Reward-Based Logical Deduction Task Landmann C; Dehaene S; Pappata S; Jobert A; Bottlaender M; Roumenov D; Le Bihan D Cerebral Cortex 2007 16707739 Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia Juckel G; Schlagenhauf F; Koslowski M; Wustenberg T; Villringer A; Knutson B; Wrase J; Heinz A NeuroImage 2006 16139525 Effect of menstrual cycle phase on corticolimbic brain activation by visual food cues Frank TC; Kim GL; Krzemien A; Van Vugt DA Brain Research 2010 20920491 Effect of methylphenidate on executive functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: normalization of behavior but not related brain activity Schweitzer JB; Lee DO; Hanford RB; Zink CF; Ely TD; Tagamets MA; Hoffman JM; Grafton ST; Kilts CD Biological Psychiatry 2004 15476690 Effect of the number of response alternatives on brain activity in response selection Woo SH; Lee KM Human Brain Mapping 2007 17094117 Effects of advanced aging on the neural correlates of successful recognition memory Wang TH; Kruggel F; Rugg MD Neuropsychologia 2009 19428399 Effects of dopaminergic and serotonergic manipulation on emotional processing: a pharmacological fMRI study Takahashi H; Yahata N; Koeda M; Takano A; Asai K; Suhara T; Okubo Y NeuroImage 2005 15978846 Effects of exogenous testosterone on the ventral striatal BOLD response during reward anticipation in healthy women Hermans EJ; Bos PA; Ossewaarde L; Ramsey NF; Fernandez G; van Honk J NeuroImage 2010 20398773 Effects of generation mode in fMRI adaptations of semantic fluency: paced production and overt speech Basho S; Palmer ED; Rubio MA; Wulfeck B; Muller RA Neuropsychologia 2007 17292926 Effort-Based Cost-Benefit Valuation and the Human Brain Croxson PL; Walton ME; O'Reilly JX; Behrens TE; Rushworth MF Journal of Neuroscience 2009 19357278 Electrophysiological and hemodynamic evidence for late maturation of hand power grip and force control under visual feedback Halder P; Brem S; Bucher K; Boujraf S; Summers P; Dietrich T; Kollias S; Martin E; Brandeis D Human Brain Mapping 2007 16761271 Electrophysiology meets fMRI: Neural correlates of the startle reflex assessed by simultaneous EMG-fMRI data acquisition Neuner I; Stocker T; Kellermann T; Ermer V; Wegener HP; Eickhoff SB; Schneider F; Shah NJ Human Brain Mapping 2010 20205248 Emotional perception: meta-analyses of face and natural scene processing Sabatinelli D; Fortune EE; Li Q; Siddiqui A; Krafft C; Oliver WT; Beck S; Jeffries J NeuroImage 2011 20951215 Enhanced resting-state connectivity of amygdala in the immediate aftermath of acute psychological stress van Marle HJ; Hermans EJ; Qin S; Fernandez G NeuroImage 2010 20621656 Entorhinal cortex structure and functional MRI response during an associative verbal memory task Braskie MN; Small GW; Bookheimer SY Human Brain Mapping 2009 19507155 Erotic and disgust-inducing pictures–differences in the hemodynamic responses of the brain Stark R; Schienle A; Girod C; Walter B; Kirsch P; Blecker C; Ott U; Schafer A; Sammer G; Zimmermann M; Vaitl D Biological Psychology 2005 16038771 Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of response inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder Roth RM; Saykin AJ; Flashman LA; Pixley HS; West JD; Mamourian AC Biological Psychiatry 2007 17511967 Expectancy and belief modulate the neuronal substrates of pain treated by acupuncture Pariente J; White P; Frackowiak RS; Lewith G NeuroImage 2005 15850733 Experiential, autonomic, and neural responses during threat anticipation vary as a function of threat intensity and neuroticism Drabant EM; Kuo JR; Ramel W; Blechert J; Edge MD; Cooper JR; Goldin PR; Hariri AR; Gross JJ NeuroImage 2011 21093595 Exploring the brain in pain: activations, deactivations and their relation Kong J; Loggia ML; 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