https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/ 2019-12-09T21:57:15+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/ https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/lib/tpl/wallpaper/images/favicon.ico text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/amb?rev=1506552850&do=diff Nucleus Ambiguus (AMB) The AMB is a major efferent nucleus of the vagus (cranial nerve X), which provides efferent chronotropic (rate) and/or inotropic (contractile strength) control of the heart. Image and Location Neurosynth: No images available (too few mentions in publications.) text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/amyce?rev=1506552850&do=diff Amygdala <http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Amygdala> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala> Anatomy and Function The amygdala is a nucleus located in the mesiotemporal lobe bilaterally with an approximate volume of 1700 mm 3 . It is composed of multiple sub-nuclei including the lateral nucleus, the basal nucleus, and the central nucleus. The basal nucleus can be further subdivided into a basomedial, a basolateral, and a basoventral division. The lateral nucleus is the main sensory input … text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/ascending?rev=1506552850&do=diff Ascending nociceptive pathways [Slides from Willis and Westlund 1997] 1. anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract) - The spinothalamic tract in humans is believed to help mediate the sensations of pain, cold, warmth, and touch - In monkeys, a large fraction of spinothalamic tract cells is located in the lumbar and sacral enlargements, and these cells are concentrated in the marginal zone and neck of the dorsal horn in laminae I and IV-VI (Fig. 6) (Willis et al., 1979; Apkarian and Hodge, 1989… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/brainstem_inspiration?rev=1506552850&do=diff <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM> text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/creating_getting_started?rev=1506552850&do=diff Getting started creating an entry FAQ Page General steps 1. Edit and copy the syntax for the Template region entry to a new page in the WIKI under the appropriate heading. Change the region name. Click here for the Template 2. Identify the location of the structure * Do a search for fMRI studies of the structure name text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/creators?rev=1506552850&do=diff Creators This WIKI is a group effort, led by Tor Wager at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Contributors include: Marina López-Solà <mlopezsola@gmail.com> Jeny Sills <jeny816@gmail.com> Yoni Ashar <yonestar@gmail.com> Jessica Mollick <Jessica.Mollick@colorado.edu> Wani Woo <clinpsywoo@gmail.com> Marieke Jepma <Marieke.Jepma@colorado.edu> Mathieu Roy <mathieuroy311@gmail.com> Thomas E Hazy <thazy@colorado.edu> Helena Yardley text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/dlpag?rev=1506552850&do=diff PAG(dorso-lateral, ventro-lateral, and lateral PAG) see also <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray> Image and Location Anatomical illustration from Linnman et al.(2012) Functional Activation map from Linnman et al.(2012) and Buhle et al.(2012): for pdfs, see below Connectivity text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/dmnx?rev=1506552850&do=diff Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN-X) The DMN-X is a major efferent nucleus of the vagus (cranial nerve X), which provides efferent chronotropic (rate) and/or inotropic (contractile strength) control of the heart. It is thus a major contributor to text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/drn?rev=1506552850&do=diff Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DRN) The raphe nuclei are a series of seven nuclei located in the medial portion of the reticular formation. In order from caudal to rostral, the raphe nuclei are known as the nucleus raphe obscurus, the raphe magnus, the raphe pontis, the raphe pallidus, the nucleus centralis superior, nucleus raphe dorsalis, nuclei linearis intermedius and linearis rostralis. Some scientists chose to group the linearis nuclei into one nucleus, shrinking the number of raphe to seven, e.g.… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/faqs?rev=1506552850&do=diff FAQs Q: Should the info for this particular wiki contain info (e.g. for effects of injection, optogenetics, stimulation, etc.) specific to pain/affect/placebo, or further reaching? A: All-encompassing info from a variety of studies Q: For the inputs/outputs, I'm assuming this means the projections to/from the area, and the associated neurotransmitters, but I wasn't sure what to put for strength (L M H) and confidence (L M H). text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/forauthors?rev=1506552850&do=diff Back to the Map Information for Authors Creators To get an account please email ruzic@colorado.edu. Getting started creating a Region entry: Getting started Tor's example Region entry (under construction): rvm Template basic level site page [Template_Endnote_Library] Test site text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/habenula?rev=1506552850&do=diff Habenula Subregions: Lateral and Medial Habenula Lateral habenula recieves inputs from forebrain limbic regions and submits outputs to dopaminergic and serotonergic midbrains structures. Numerous studies have shown excitation of habenula to punishments and predictions of punishments, as well as omissions of predicted rewards and predictions of reward omission. The habenula is also implicated in other functions including stress, anxiety, pain, learning and attention (Hikosaka 2009) text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/infosummary?rev=1506552850&do=diff Back to the Map Summary of information available on each page Each region entry has information about: * Text overview of description and major functions * Includes links to other WIKI pages * Localization information * Images that show the location of the structure text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/lc?rev=1506552850&do=diff LC The locus coeruleus (LC) is the brainstem neuromodulatory nucleus responsible for most of the norepinephrine (NE) released in the brain. It has widespread projections throughout the neocortex, and has a critical role in regulating arousal and wakefulness. In addition, the LC-NE neuromodulatory system is currently thought to play a role in several cognitive functions such as attention, emotion, decision making and learning and memory. text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/lpag?rev=1506552850&do=diff lPAG Image and Location Anatomical illustration from Linnman et al.(2012) Functional Activation map from Linnman et al.(2012) and Buhle et al.(2012) Connectivity Neurosynth connectivity image: PAG connections based on DTI from Linnman et al.(2012) text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/ncf?rev=1506552850&do=diff Nucleus Cuneiformis (NCF) The NCF and PAG are brainstem nuclei involved in a network mediating anti- and pro-nociception, as largely shown from animal data (Fields and Basbaum, 1999 for a review, [Porreca et al., 2002] and [Gebhart, 2004]). Human imaging studies have shown that the PAG and NCF are activated during visceral and somatic pain (Dunckley et al., 2005) and that the NCF plays a key role in the development of experimental secondary hyperalgesia via possible facilitatory pro-nociceptive… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/nrm?rev=1506552850&do=diff Nucleus Raphe Magnus (NRM) Description of the raphe nuclei (from wikipedia & Michelson et al.) The raphe nuclei are a series of seven nuclei located in the medial portion of the reticular formation. In order from caudal to rostral, the raphe nuclei are known as the nucleus raphe obscurus, the raphe magnus, the raphe pontis, the raphe pallidus, the nucleus centralis superior, nucleus raphe dorsalis, nuclei linearis intermedius and linearis rostralis. Some scientists chose to group the linearis … text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/nts?rev=1506552850&do=diff Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS) The NTS is a longitudinal structure in the medulla best known for carrying afferent taste (special visceral afferent) information, but it is also a major processing station for ascending visceral information from throughout the body, and it plays an important role in neuro-immune loops and autonomic reflexes. Major functions include taste and cardiac control. text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/paraventricular?rev=1506552850&do=diff Paraventricular See also: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus> <http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Hypothalamus> Image and Location <http://www.psycheducation.org/emotion/pics/big%20hypothalamus.htm> from Donkelaar & Hori (2011) “The paraventricular nucleus forms an elongated plate of neurons close to the third ventricle and contains some 25,000 vasopressinergic neurons and 21,000 oxytocinergic neurons (Wierda et al. 1991; van der Woude et al. 1995). The vasopressinergic neuron… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/pbn?rev=1506552850&do=diff Parabrachial Nucleus The nocioceptive-recipient parabrachial nucleus appears to be crucial for the transmission of pain-related information to dopamine neurons. (Coizet 2010). The parabrachial nucleus has 3 major cell divisions - the medial parabrachial nucleus, the lateral prabrachial nucleus, and the kolliker-fuse nucleus (Fulwiler Saper 1984). text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/preriventricular?rev=1506552850&do=diff Paraventricular Hypothalamus Creating an entry: Getting started (remove this once you've completed an entry) Image and Location Neurosynth structure image: Neurosynth connectivity image: Searches Searches so far: Most important references Link to Endnote [Endnote Package Library (with PDFs)] Structure Inputs Name, and code Strength (L, M, H), Confidence (L, M, H), Transmitter(s) text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/ras?rev=1506552850&do=diff RAS: Reticular activating system <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_activating_system> Image and Location Schematic drawing of the reticular activating system The reticular activating system (RAS) consists of neuronal networks originating in brainstem regions that project upward to the subthalamic nucleus and from there to many cortical and subcortical brain structures as indicated by arrows. The RAS is responsible for maintaining conscious activity and is very sensitive to hypnotic… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/refs_box_arrow_map?rev=1506552850&do=diff References for map of projections Alhadeff, A. L., Rupprecht, L. E., & Hayes, M. R. (2012). GLP-1 Neurons in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Project Directly to the Ventral Tegmental Area and Nucleus Accumbens to Control for Food Intake. Endocrinology, 153(2), 647–658. doi:10.1210/en.2011-1443 Andersen, M. C., & Kunze, D. L. (1994). Nucleus Tractus Solitarius—Gateway to Neural Circulatory Control. Annual Review of Physiology, 56(1), 93–116. doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.000521 Aron, A. R.,… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/regionmap?rev=1506552850&do=diff [Click on the map for links to region pages] Amygdala PVH: Paraventricular zone VMH: Ventromedial zone Ventral striatum and nucleus accumbens Ventral pallidum Habenula Subthalamus text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/rmtg?rev=1506552850&do=diff RMTg Located posterior to the VTA, the RMTg (rostromedial tegmental nucleus) contains primarily GABAergic neurons. RMTg neurons are excited by shock-predictive neurons, and a smaller proportion are excited by reward omission. RMTg receives input from a wide range of regions that respond to aversive stimuli, such as the PAG, and lateral habenula, and sends output to midbrain and brainstem regions including the ventral pallidum, VTA/SNc and dorsal raphe nucleus. text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/rvm?rev=1506552850&do=diff RVM Instructions: Get started with another entry The rostral ventromedial medulla is a critical structure in modulating descending control of nociception. It is distinct from the rostral ventrolateral medulla, which plays different roles in the control of autonomic functions and blood pressure regulation. The RVM has a critical role in both inhibition and facilitation of pain through interactions with the spinal cord, and RVM plasticity may be important for the transition to chronic pain. It… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/snc?rev=1506552850&do=diff SNc: Substantia Nigra, pars compacta (area A9) Image and Location NOTE: The SNc and the Ventral Tegmental Area(VTA; area A10) share many functional and anatomical features and are often treated as a single entity. However, there are also important differences, primarily in terms of afferent and efferent connectivity. Also, some DA cells also text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/snr?rev=1506552850&do=diff SNr - Substantia Nigra, pars reticulata: The SNr is now known to be histologically very similar to the Globus Pallidus, internal segment (GPi) and, like the GPi, is a major output nucleus of the basal ganglia (BG). And, also like GPi, it is made up almost exclusively of tonically active projecting GABAergic cells. As such, SNr provides tonic inhibition of thalamic relay cells (TRCs) which can be disinhibited by BG gating signals. SNr also projects to the superior colliculus (SC) where it also… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/start?rev=1506552850&do=diff Brainstem anatomy WIKI This WIKI is a guide to human subcortical-brainstem anatomy and connectivity. Observational clinical studies have linked social and higher cognitive phenomena to several types of changes in peripheral organ systems and disease processes. This WIKI reviews the autonomic and neuroendocrine outputs that regulate peripheral function, with an emphasis on a) brainstem regions, and b) sympathetic (SNS) regulation systems. It goes beyond the brainstem itself to provide informat… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/stn_subthalamic_nucleus?rev=1506552850&do=diff Subthalamic area including subthalamic nucleus (STN) See also <http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Basal_ganglia> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus> Image and Location from Dormont et al. (2004) from Benarroch (2008) from Krack et al. (2010) Neurosynth structure image: N/A Neurosynth connectivity image: seed at (-12, -12, -4) text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/tasks?rev=1506552850&do=diff Human neuroimaging tasks General considerations * Current fMRI resolution and techniques does not easily permit the identification of specific brainstem nuclei * Tasks that activate regions may not activate the pathways of interest within regions. Therefore, the use of text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/template?rev=1506552850&do=diff Region Name Creating an entry: Getting started (remove this once you've completed an entry) Summary (2-3 sentences here). Image and Location Neurosynth structure image: Neurosynth connectivity image: Searches Searches so far: word [search_in] and/or/not_operators word [all] e.g., RVM [all] and Fields [author] text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/testsite?rev=1506552850&do=diff [Topolovec Map] Type normal wiki markup here. Links will be automatically detected and used in the image map. * Amygdala * An interwiki link * [Even image links work] [Click on the map for links to region pages] Amygdala (CE, BL, CM groups) -- So Young PVH: Paraventricular zone- Wani VMH: Ventromedial zone- Wani Ventral striatum and nucleus accumbens -- Marina Ventral pallidum -- Marina Habenula - Jessica M. Subthalamic area including subthalamic nucleus (STN) - Wani text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/ventral_thalamus?rev=1506552850&do=diff Ventral Thalamus Creating an entry: Getting started (remove this once you've completed an entry) Image and Location Neurosynth structure image: Neurosynth connectivity image: Searches Searches so far: word [search_in] and/or/not_operators word [all] e.g., RVM [all] and Fields [author] Most important references text/html 2019-02-10T05:40:32+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/ventromedial?rev=1549777232&do=diff Ventromedial See also: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus> <http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Hypothalamus> Image and Location from Donkelaar & Hori (2011) “The paraventricular nucleus forms an elongated plate of neurons close to the third ventricle and contains some 25,000 vasopressinergic neurons and 21,000 oxytocinergic neurons (Wierda et al. 1991; van der Woude et al. 1995). The vasopressinergic neurons are larger than the oxytocinergic cells (Dierickx and Vandesande 1979)… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/vlpag?rev=1506552850&do=diff vlPAG Image and Location Anatomical illustration from Linnman et al.(2012) Functional Activation map from Linnman et al.(2012) and Buhle et al.(2012) Connectivity Neurosynth connectivity image: PAG connections based on DTI from Linnman et al.(2012) text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/vpall?rev=1506552850&do=diff VENTRAL PALLIDUM The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure within the basal ganglia of the brain. It is an output nucleus whose fibres project to thalamic nuclei, such as the ventral anterior nucleus, the ventrolateral nucleus, and the medial dorsal nucleus. The Ventral Pallidum is a component of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia, a pathway involved in the regulation of motivation, behaviour, and emotions. It is an important substrate for natural reward and drug addiction (Cromwell and Berr… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/vstr?rev=1506552850&do=diff Ventral striatum / Nucleus Accumbens Image and Location Wiki pages on the striatum and on the nucleus accumbens in wikipedia: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens> The Ventral Striatum in animal studies (rat studies mostly) includes the Nucleus Accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. Strictly speaking in humans it refers to the ventral part of the nucleus striatum, i.e., ventral part of the caudate and putamen. However, many studies refer to… text/html 2017-09-27T22:54:10+00:00 https://canlabweb.colorado.edu/brainstemwiki/doku.php/vta?rev=1506552850&do=diff VTA: ventral tegmental area (area A10) Image and Location NOTE: The VTA and Substantia Nigra, pars compacta (SNc; area A9) share many functional and anatomical features and are often treated as a single entity. However, there are also important differences, primarily in terms of afferent and efferent connectivity. Also, some DA cells also